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The ''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".
The ''aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"〔Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund.〕 for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.
The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.
==Benefits==
The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.〔Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.〔H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222.〕 Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕
Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.〔Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕 In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.〔
A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefit〔Millar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98.〕 upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay.〔 The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.〕
When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
'aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".
The ''aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"〔Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund.〕 for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.
The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.
==Benefits==
The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.〔Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.〔H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222.〕 Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕
Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.〔Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕 In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.〔
A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefit〔Millar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98.〕 upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay.〔 The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.〕
When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".
The ''aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"〔Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund.〕 for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.
The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.
==Benefits==
The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.〔Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.〔H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222.〕 Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕
Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.〔Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.〕 In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.〔
A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefit〔Millar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98.〕 upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163.〕 In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay.〔 The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.〔Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.〕
When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
'aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
'aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".">ウィキペディアで「The '''''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".">ウィキペディアで「The ''aerarium militare''''' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
'aerarium militare'' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
' was the military treasury of Imperial Rome. It was instituted by Augustus, the first Roman emperor, as a "permanent revenue source"Cassius Dio 55.24.9; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 174. Dio, however, seems to have mistakenly thought that regular army pay (the ''stipendium'') also came from this fund. for pensions ''(praemia)'' for veterans of the Imperial Roman army. The treasury derived its funding from new taxes, an inheritance tax and a sales tax, and regularized the ad hoc provisions for veterans that under the Republic often had involved socially disruptive confiscation of property.The ''praefecti aerarii militaris'' (singular ''praefectus'') were the three prefects who oversaw the treasury.==Benefits==The Imperial biographer and historian Suetonius saw the ''aerarium militare'' as a response to the uncertainty of retired military men in need who might be inclined to support a coup or foment unrest.Suetonius, ''Augustus'' 49.2; Cassius Dio 54.25.6; Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. The professionalizing of the army during the Republic created the new problem of veterans, since earlier in Rome's history male citizens served short-term to confront specific threats or carry out seasonal campaigns, and then returned to their normal occupations. The solution in the late Republic had been to settle veterans in colonies in conquered territory, or on ostensibly public land in Italy that in fact had been used by the aristocracy for personal gain; the redistribution of this land by military commanders such as Marius and Pompeius was resented by the elite as a popularist currying of favor among the lower ranks of society. A state-supported benefit helped redirect the former soldier's loyalty from his immediate commanding officer to the Roman state as a whole.H.H. Scullard, ''From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68'' (Routledge, 2007, 5th ed.), pp. 221–222. Under Augustus, monetary grants replaced land redistributions, and were better received by the upper classes, who nevertheless complained about new taxes.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164; Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173.Augustus included the ''aerarium militare'' among the accomplishments in his ''Res Gestae'', the commemorative autobiography published posthumously throughout the Empire.Swan, ''The Augustan Succession,'' p. 173. In addressing the Senate on the subject, Augustus had stated his intention to provide for military personnel from enlistment through retirement.A soldier earned a one-time ''praemium'' or discharge benefitMillar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'', p. 98. upon completing his service (sixteen years for the Praetorian Guard, twenty for regular duty in the army). At the end of Augustus's reign, the pension for a Praetorian guard was 20,000 sesterces ''(HS)'', and that of a legionary 12,000.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 163. In the 1st century, a legionary's retirement benefit would have amounted to about 12 years of service pay. The ''praemium'' remained stable until the time of Caracalla, who increased it to 20,000 ''HS'' for a legionary and a higher but unrecorded amount for a Praetorian guard.Phang, ''Roman Military Service,'' p. 164.When the treasury experienced a shortfall, the emperor might avoid paying pensions by arbitrarily extending the length of military service, in a form of forced retention or "stop-loss policy".」の詳細全文を読む
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